Edited by
Nancy McCarthy, Brent Swallow, Michael Kirk and Peter Hazell
International Food Policy Research Institute
Washington, DC, USA
International Livestock Research Institute
Nairobi, Kenya
January 2000
Copyright 1999 International Food Policy Research Institute
All rights reserved .Sections of this report may be reproduced without the express permission of but with acknowledgment to the International Food Policy Research Institute.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Property rights, risk, and livestock development in Africa /Nancy McCarthy…[et
al.]. p. cm.
Papers presented at an international conference.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0–89629–339–6
1. Animal industry–Africa–Congresses.
2. Livestock–Africa–Congresses.
3. Land tenure–Africa–Congresses.
I. McCarthy, Nancy (Nancy A.)
HD9427.A2 P76 1999
333.33'5'096—dc21 99–048004
Property rights, risk, and livestock development in Africa: Issues and project approach
Poverty and food insecurity in semi-arid sub-Saharan
Africa
Trends in the semi-arid areas of sub-Saharan Africa
Economic conditions
Structural adjustment
Rainfall
Livestock and land use
Constraints on flexibility and mobility
Policies and programs for livestock and range
management
Participatory natural-resource management
Overview of the project
Project design
The theoretical context
Research activities
Annotated bibliography and review papers
Conceptual modeling
Simulation modeling
Case studies
International symposium
References
Colonial impact on indigenous property-rights
systems
Colonial philosophy on land and resource tenure
Land policy instruments based on European
concepts, and their effects
Post-independence tenure “Reforms”: Impact on
property rights over grazing resources
The primacy of nationalization of rangelands
Agrarian reforms, sedentarization of
pastoralists, and irrigation programs
The privatization approach: Promotion of
registered private property
Institutional erosion and increasing conflicts about
rangelands
New directions in the recent past
Guiding principles for a changed role of the
state in the economic reform process
New recognition of resource tenure in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Process
Regional conferences as a learning process
Comprehensive national legal and regulatory
framework
Decentralization and devolution
Conflicts and their resolution
Conclusions
Bibliography
Changes and opportunities
A new look at pastoral land tenure issues in
dryland Africa
Taking advantage of international trends
Why and how—A new role for donors
Experiences and lessons learned
Networking and dissemination of information
Legal framework and the process of
decentralization
National examples
Key elements in decentralization and
empowerment
Searching for local solutions to reconcile
pastoral interests
Conflict management
Conclusions
Bibliography
3 Public policy and drought management in agropastoral systems
Nature of droughts
How herders traditionally manage droughts
Reasons for public drought-management
interventions
Economic aspects of public interventions for
drought management
Past experience with drought-intervention
policies
Feed subsidies in the West Asia and North Africa Region
Restocking policies in sub-Saharan Africa
New possibilities for improved drought
management
Rainfall insurance
Early-warning forecasts of drought
Conclusions
Bibliography
4 Managing mobility in African rangelands
On the importance of mobility to pastoralists
The decline of mobility and its impact on
pastoralists
Impact of development assistance on pastoral
mobility
Next steps
Common-property regimes
Land reform
Conflict management
Co-management
Conclusions
Bibliography
5 Crop–livestock systems in sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants and intensification pathways
Factors influencing the evolution of crop–livestock
systems
Examples of crop–livestock systems in sub-Saharan
Africa
Crop livestock systems in the southwestern
region of Niger
Crop-livestock systems in the Subhumid Zone of Burkina Faso and Mali
Dairying in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania
Discussion: Drawing lessons from the different
intensification patterns
Implications for the policy and research
agenda
Bibliography
The effects of risk in production under
joint-maximization versus individual optimization
Relevant literature
Development of the theoretical model
Joint-maximization versus non-cooperation; Risk versus
no risk in production
Comparative-statics results
Under agent homogeneity
Heterogeneity in risk preferences
Summary
Incentives for cooperating, incentives for
deviating, and the scope for collective action
Relevant literature
Modeling incentives for cooperating and
incentives for deviating
Effects of heterogeneity on incentives
Summary
Discussion and policy implications
Future research
Appendix 1. Proof that the stocking level under
non-cooperation is greater than the stocking level under joint maximization
Appendix 3. Comparative statics
Bibliography
7 Fuzzy access: Modeling grazing rights in sub-Saharan Africa
Defining fuzzy access-rights
The basic model: Exogenously defined, costless
grazing access
Comparative statics
The benefits of flexible fuzzy access
Discussion and policy relevance
Appendix—Comparative statics of
exogenously specified, fuzzy access-rights
Bibliography
8 Ownership, appropriation, and risk
Common property and the social standard
The fundamental contingent contract
The value of the payment
The option value of appropriation
The role of risk
The efficiency question
Conclusions
References
9 The dynamics of land use and property rights in semi-arid East Africa
Review of literature on property-rights and
land-use change in East Africa
Endogenous local commons
State-sponsored local commons
State-supported individualization
Endogenous individualization
Resilient customary common property
Creation of open access
Overview of development pathways in East Africa
Review of the models of property-rights and
land-use change
The demand-driven model of property-rights
change
The Bromley model of the property-rights
gradient
The supply of property-rights change
North’s model of institutional change
A model of property-rights and land-use
change for the African savannah
Approach
Regional- and national-level variables
Driving variables
Individual- and community-level variables
Direct relationships among the variables
Internal dynamics
Land use and property rights in the Borana Plateau of Southern Ethiopia
Physical and social dimensions
Institutional structure, resource use, and
property regimes
Methods used in field research
Results
Discussion
Conclusions and discussion
Bibliography
Conflict analysis
Assessing institutions
Power
Behavior
Communication
Communication networks analysis as an
integrative tool for analyzing cooperation and conflict
Communication
Power relationships
Patterns of behavior
Testing the framework: property institutions,
livestock mobility, and conflicts in agropastoral Western Niger
The issues under scrutiny in Western Niger: A
short introduction
Land tenure
Livestock mobility
Conflict
Expected nature of the results and potential
applications
Conflict management
Management of common-pool natural-resources
The case study
Conclusion
Bibliography
11 Can pastoral institutions perform without access options?
Institutional framework
Private property
Secured access-rights or use-rights to common
pastoral resources
Access options
Land policies and their effects on the
capacity and strength of local pastoral institutions
Morocco
Niger
Performance pastoral institutions: Disputes over
common lands
The Loss of capacity and strength
Land disputes over common pastoral resources
Searching for new alternatives for the
management of pastoral resources
Development of pastoral cooperatives: Sustaining
tribal systems in Morocco
Redefining the rights of pastoralists: The
rural code in Niger
Development of market-based access-options
Conclusion: How to better target state
intervention
Bibliography
Economic development and agricultural
decline
Okombahe Reserve, 1947–63
Leliefontein, Namaqualand, 1940–62
Land reform under Apartheid
Contracting the commons: Economic units in Namaqualand
Expanding the commons: The creation of Damaraland
Discussion
Farming systems and control of grazing
Questions of productivity and degradation
Questions of productivity and equity
Land reform and the future
On sustainability
References
Property rights, livestock development, and
risk: A short introduction to the situation in Niger
Property rights and risk
Livestock development and risk
Property rights, livestock development, and
risk: Community surveys
Survey procedure and sample description
Property rights and mobility in the survey
area
Modeling decisions regarding rangeland
management at the community level
Range management
Mobility
Description of the variables or their proxies
Remark on dry-season modeling
Conclusions
References
The study community
The modeling method
Model specification
The utility function
The constraints
Recursive solutions
Model simulations
The baseline scenario
The effect of droughts
Alternative scenarios for transhumance and
purchased feed
Conclusions
Bibliography
Ethiopia: Economic and policy issues
Background and objectives
Conceptual issues and hypotheses
The Borana Plateau
Social dimensions
Institutional structure, resource use, and
property regimes
Research methods
Site Selection
Data collection
Preliminary findings
Descriptive statistics
Econometric analysis
Discussion
Land use and property rights
Changes in property rights and land use
Determinants of property-rights and land-use
change
Conclusions
References