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LGA (Livestock
only, rangeland-based arid/semi-arid)
-
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA):
Pastoralists in the Sahel, northern Kenya, southern Sudan, southern
Ethiopia, Botswana, Namibia
LGH (Livestock
only, rangeland-based humid/subhumid)
-
Central and South America (CSA):
Extensive meat and milk production systems in the lowlands of Costa
Rica
LGT (Livestock
only, rangeland-based temperate/tropical
highland)
-
CSA:
Dairy systems near Bogota, Colombia
-
CSA: Andean region. Small
dual-purpose systems in northern and central parts of Peru near
Cajamarca and Junin (Mantaro valley), Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia,
and southern and northeastern Ecuador; sheep-grazing systems in
central Peru; camelid and sheep-grazing systems in the Altiplano of
Peru and Bolivia
MRA (Mixed
rainfed arid/semi-arid)
-
SSA: Mixed crop–livestock farms in
parts of the Sahel (e.g. Burkina Faso, northern Nigeria); Zimbabwe
semi-subsistence mixed crop–livestock communal
sector.
-
South Asia (SA): Dryland systems in
India (cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo)
MRH (Mixed
rainfed humid/subhumid)
MRT (Mixed
rainfed temperate/tropical highland)
-
SSA:
Smallholders in the Ethiopian highlands where oxen for traction
are important; small-scale dairy farms in the highlands of East
Africa
-
SA: Wheat–maize/livestock
systems in India (Gangetic Plains); wheat–maize/cattle systems in
southwestern China
-
CSA: Mixed crop–livestock
smallholdings in the highlands of Colombia
-
CSA: Andean region—mixed
crop–livestock smallholdings in the highlands of the Andean Region
(Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia); northern and central Peru near
Cajamarca and Junin (Mantaro valley); Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia;
southern and northeastern Ecuador.
MIA (Mixed irrigated
arid/semi-arid)
MIH (Mixed
irrigated humid/subhumid)
MIT (Mixed
irrigated temperate/tropical highland)
LLM (Landless
mono-gastric system) and LMR (Landless ruminant
system)
LGA
– Livestock only, rangeland-based arid and semi-arid
Sub-Saharan
Africa examples include:
Pastoralists in the Sahel, northern Kenya, southern Sudan, southern Ethiopia, Botswana, Namibia
Main
causes of food insecurity
Drought,
crop failure, lack of animal assets, lack of income-diversification
opportunities
Main
causes of poverty
Loss
of animals due to drought, distress sales and cattle raiding; lack
of reliable/accessible markets
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
Very
low; but increasing in areas where cropping is possible
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Very
low
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
Most
rely on common property resources; poorest sedentarised households
are landless
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
Poorest
tend to have more sheep and goats and few or no cattle or camels
Livestock
species
Mainly
traditional breeds of cattle sheep and goats camels
Important
livestock species for poorest households
Sheep;
goats; camels
Physical
resources and variability
Range
is the main resource, characterised by high seasonal variability
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Beef,
milk, goat meat, goat and camel milk; transport; cultural/social
services; asset building; security against income shocks
Degree
of market integration
Low;
systems are predominantly subsistence-based
General
economic and system trends
With
increasing population, the LGA system tends to evolve into mixed
systems, mainly MRA
Environmental
concerns
Degradation
of rangelands, adverse changes in species composition of vegetation,
and soil erosion. Other issues include carbon sequestration,
competition with wildlife and recreation
LGH
– Livestock only, rangeland-based humid/subhumid
CSA
example: Extensive
meat and milk production systems in the lowlands of Costa Rica.
Main causes of food insecurity
Drought
Main
causes of poverty
Low
cash flow, little access to credit at competitive real interest
rates, low adoption rates of improved forages
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
Low
Degree
of diversification of income sources
High
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
15–20
ha
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
15
cattle; 2–3 pigs; 4–5 chickens
Livestock
species
Cattle;
pigs; poultry
Important
livestock species for poor households
Cattle;
pigs; poultry
Physical
resources and variability
Good
and permanent access to transport and farm inputs; good public
infrastructure
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Meat, milk, eggs
Degree
of market integration
High
General
economic and system trends
Livestock
production is expanding and increasing; the activity is very
profitable
Environmental
concerns
Land
degradation from overgrazing during the dry season; loss of
biodiversity
LGT
Livestock only, rangeland-based temperate/tropical highland
CSA
example: Dairy
systems near Bogota, Colombia
Main
causes of food insecurity
Poor
feed supply, livestock diseases
Main
causes of poverty
Low
cash flow, lack of access to credit
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
Low
Degree
of diversification of income sources
High
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
5
ha
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
5
cows; 1–2 pigs; 4–5 chickens
Livestock
species
Grade
dairy cattle; pigs; poultry
Important
livestock species for poor households
Cattle;
pigs; poultry
Physical
resources and variability
Good
and permanent public infrastructure access to markets and transport
system
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Meat,
milk, eggs
Degree
of market integration
High
General
economic and system trends
Growing
economy and increasing demand for milk; trend towards expansion of
this system
Environmental
concerns
Land
degradation; loss of biodiversity
LGT
Livestock only, rangeland-based temperate/tropical highland
CSA
additional examples: Andean
region. Small dual-purpose systems in northern and central Peru near
Cajamarca and Junin (Mantaro valley), Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia,
southern and northeastern Ecuador; sheep-grazing systems in central
Peru; camelid and sheep-grazing systems in the Altiplano of Peru and
Bolivia.
Main
causes of food insecurity
Lack
of income diversification opportunities; lack of animal assets;
frost risk; drought
Main
causes of poverty
Poor
market access, distress sales
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
Varies,
but generally few purchased inputs
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Generally
low, limited off-farm opportunities
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
Most
rely on common property resources
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
2–8
cattle; 6–12 sheep; 20–65 alpacas. Poorest tend to have more
sheep and few or no cattle or camelids. Sheep and poultry most
important for poorest households (usually under the control of
women)
Livestock
species
Cattle,
predominantly cross-breeds, exotic and criollo breeds (Bos taurus);
sheep, criollo and Corriedale crosses; alpacas and llamas
Important
livestock species for poor households
Sheep,
cattle, alpacas, llamas
Physical
resources and variability
Grazing
is the main feed resource and is characterised by high seasonal
variability
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Milk,
meat, fibre, wool; animal traction and transport
Degree
of market integration
Low-to-moderate
market orientation; these systems are mostly found in marginal
locations
General
economic and system trends
Moderate
production potential in global terms; potential intensification is
limited by market forces and environmental issues
Environmental
concerns
Degradation
of rangelands; water quality and conservation: adverse changes in
botanical composition of vegetation; soil erosion; methane
emissions; loss of biodiversity; carbon sequestration
MRA
Mixed rainfed arid/semi-arid
SSA
examples include: Mixed
crop–livestock farms across the semi-arid (also known as dry
savanna) region of West Africa; Zimbabwe semi-subsistence mixed
crop–livestock communal sector
Main
causes of food insecurity
Drought,
crop failure, lack of animal assets, poor and declining soil
fertility with lack of fertilizer
Main
causes of poverty
Loss
of animals due to drought, distress sales, crop failure; lack of
income-diversification opportunities; poor market access
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
Varies,
but generally few purchased inputs, so manure is important for soil
fertility. Scarcity of fodder in dry season results in crop residues
being an essential feed resource
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Varies,
but generally low (few cash crops for these dry areas; limited
off-farm opportunities, but remittances can be important where a
family member has migrated)
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
2–12
ha, often fragmented
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
5–12
sheep and goats; a few poultry for poorest households (usually under
the control of women); some cattle where Fulani have settled; many
indigenous cattle throughout region, but often tended by
transhumants/nomads
Livestock
species
Cattle,
predominantly indigenous breeds; sheep and goats; poultry
Important
livestock species for poor households
Small
ruminants; poultry
Physical
resources and variability
Feed
resources: crop residues (mainly poor quality) and rangeland; high
rainfall variability
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Meat,
milk, animal traction and transport; social/cultural (e.g. bride
wealth)
Degree
of market integration
Extremely
variable, but very low for wide areas
General
economic and system trends
Population
growth is leading to over-exploitation of the natural resource base
Environmental
concerns
Methane
emissions; overgrazing and range degradation; deforestation
MRA
Mixed rainfed arid/semi-arid
SA
example: Dryland
systems in India (cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo)
Main
causes of food insecurity
Drought,
crop failure, lack of animal assets, temperature extremes, lack of
water
Main
causes of poverty
Loss
of animals due to drought, distress sales, crop failure; lack of
income-diversification opportunities, poor market access
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
Generally
weak, transhumance in search of animal feed
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Generally
poor
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
0.5–1.5
ha
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
30–55
sheep and goats; 3–8 buffalo; 3–5 cattle
Livestock
species
Cattle,
predominantly indigenous breeds; buffalo; sheep and goats; poultry
Important
livestock species for poor households
Small
ruminants—often only means of survival in the most arid areas
Physical
resources and variability
Feed
resource; grazing land; high rainfall variability
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Meat,
milk, animal traction and transport; social/cultural; insurance;
stock of wealth
Degree
of market integration
Generally
low
General
economic and system trends
Population
growth is leading to over-exploitation of the natural resource base
Environmental
concerns
Overgrazing
and range degradation; decreasing soil fertility; expanding desert
margins; water scarcity
MRH
Mixed rainfed humid/subhumid
SSA
example:
Tsetse
belt across central and West Africa
Main
causes of food insecurity
Most
households food-secure; crop and livestock diseases; human
diseases (especially malaria and sleeping sickness); lack of
inputs for cropping, particularly fertilizer; livestock dry–season
feed shortage
Main
causes of poverty
Lack
of cash; insecurity
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
Variable
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Little
off-farm income
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
Highly
variable
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
Few
cattle because of tsetse and cultural practices
Livestock
species
Local
cattle (trypanotolerant) and sheep breeds; poultry; pigs
Important
livestock species for poor households
Poultry;
small ruminants
Physical
resources and variability
Relatively
dependable rainfall
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Meat,
milk, animal traction and transport; social/cultural; insurance;
stock of wealth
Degree
of market integration
Poor
General
economic and system trends
Expansion
of livestock systems constrained by tsetse infestation
Environmental
concerns
Deforestation;
carbon sequestration; loss of biodiversity, with potentially large
global impact; high risk of soil degradation due to continuous
cropping
MRH
Mixed rainfed humid/subhumid
SEA
example: Rice–cattle
systems; maize–cattle systems; plantation crops–small
ruminant/cattle systems
Main
causes of food insecurity
Crop
failures and consequent drought and lack of feed; livestock diseases
Main
causes of poverty
Lack
of cash, poor access to credit and markets; limited land areas and
fragmentation; low productivity due to low technology applications
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
Low
to medium
Degree
of diversification of income sources
High
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
0.3–0.8
ha
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
1–2
cattle; 1 buffalo; 1–3 goats and sheep; 1–3 pigs; 5–20
chickens (meat)
Livestock
species
Local
cattle and buffalo; pigs; poultry; sheep and some goats
Important
livestock species for poor households
Cattle;
goats; pigs; poultry
Physical
resources and variability
Poor
infrastructure, post-harvest, marketing and processing facilities;
considerable ecosystem variability; crop residues main feed
resource; forages and weeds in roadsides and alleys also important;
strong seasonality of feed availability
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Meat,
milk, eggs, manure, draught power, transport, recreation
Degree
of market integration
Generally
poor
General
economic and system trends
Expansion
is constrained by low productivity (for both animals and crops),
poor access to markets and extension services, and low adoption of
improved technologies. Need for intensification because amount of
land devoted to these systems cannot increase due to impact on
natural-resource base (deforestation).
Environmental
concerns
Deforestation;
soil mining due to intensification of cropping systems and reduced
use of fertilizer; soil erosion mainly in uplands; loss of
biodiversity
MRH
Mixed rainfed humid/subhumid
CSA
example: Maize–beans–pasture
systems in Nicaragua
Main
causes of food insecurity
Crop
failure, drought, extreme weather variability
Main
causes of poverty
Low
productivity, low agricultural and livestock prices
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
High
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Medium
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
10–15
ha
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
4
cows; 3–4 pigs; 5–7 chickens
Livestock
species
Cattle;
pigs; poultry
Important
livestock species for poor households
Cattle;
pigs; poultry
Physical
resources and variability
Moderate
transport system access; poor public infrastructure; low quality
of housing and livestock–crop facilities
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Meat,
milk, eggs, maize, beans
Degree
of market integration
Moderate
General
economic and system trends
Livestock
activity is increasing; crop expansion limited
Environmental
concerns
Land
degradation; soil erosion; soil nutrient depletion; loss of
biodiversity
MRT
Mixed rainfed temperate/tropical highland
SSA
examples include: Smallholders in the Ethiopian
highlands where oxen for traction are important; small-scale dairy
farmers in the highlands of East Africa
Main
causes of food insecurity
Crop
failure; crop and livestock diseases
Main
causes of poverty
Loss
of main household breadwinner; loss of assets due to distress sales;
small landholdings, high population density; lack of off-farm income
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
High
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Moderate
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
1–5
ha
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
1
dairy cow; 2 oxen for traction; a few sheep and goats
Livestock
species
Multi-purpose
cattle (meat, milk, traction); upgraded dairy cattle
Important
livestock species for poor households
Dairy
cows; sheep and goats; poultry
Physical
resources and variability
Main
feed resources: crop residues, roadside grazing, increasingly
planted forages, relatively low rainfall variability
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Milk,
beef, veal and mutton; traction; manure; capital assets and
insurance
Degree
of market integration
Very
low in some places such as Ethiopia, higher in others
General
economic and system trends
The
system is under pressure to specialise in specific products. In
places this may give rise to landless systems
Environmental
concerns
Loss
of domestic animal biodiversity; use of agrochemicals; waste
disposal; methane emissions; carbon sequestration; competition for
recreation; loss of biodiversity; water conservation
MRT
Mixed rainfed temperate/tropical highland
SA
examples include: Wheat–maize/livestock
systems in India (Gangetic Plains); wheat–maize/cattle systems in
southwestern China.
Main
causes of food insecurity
Crop
failure due to unfavourable climatic conditions, with impact on feed
availability; crop and livestock diseases
Main
causes of poverty
Loss
of main household breadwinner; loss of assets due to distress sales;
small landholdings; lack of off-farm income
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
High
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Moderate
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
0.25–1.0
ha
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
0.5–1.5
cattle; 0.1–0.3 buffalo; 0.5–2 goats; 1–5 pigs; 5–20
chickens
Livestock
species
Beef/traction
cattle; meat goats; pigs
Important
livestock species for poor households
Cattle
(beef, traction); meat goats; pigs
Physical
resources and variability
Crop
residues main feed resources, with some grazing practised in
communal areas; strong seasonal variations
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Milk,
beef, veal and mutton; manure; draught power
Degree
of market integration
High
General
economic and system trends
This
intensive system is under pressure to further specialise in specific
products; market access is still weak
Environmental
concerns
Loss
of domestic animal biodiversity; high use of agrochemicals; soil
erosion; waste disposal; methane emissions; carbon sequestration,
competition with recreation, loss of biodiversity, competition for
water
MRT
Mixed rainfed temperate/tropical highland
CSA
example 1: Mixed
crop–livestock smallholders in the highlands of Colombia.
Main
causes of food insecurity
Livestock
disease; cattle raiding; crop failure
Main
causes of poverty
Low
productivity; low prices
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
High
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Moderate
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
3–4
ha
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
2–3
cows; 1–2 pigs; 6–7 chickens
Livestock
species
Cattle;
pigs; poultry
Important
livestock species for poor households
Cattle;
pigs; poultry
Physical
resources and variability
Good
access to transport system; good public infrastructure, access to
markets; good housing and agricultural facilities
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Meat,
milk, eggs (non-livestock products include plantains, coffee, fruit,
beans, maize)
Degree
of market integration
High
General
economic and system trends
Livestock
activity and fruit industry increasing
Environmental
concerns
Land
degradation; loss of biodiversity
MRT
Mixed rainfed temperate/tropical highland
CSA
example 2: Andean
region; mixed crop–livestock smallholders in the highlands of the
Andean Region (Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia); northern and central Peru
near Cajamarca and Junin (Mantaro valley); Altiplano of Peru and
Bolivia; southern and northeastern Ecuador
Main
causes of food insecurity
Crop
failure; lack of income-diversification opportunities, crop and
livestock diseases, frost risk
Main
causes of poverty
Lack
of cash and off-farm income; loss of assets due to distress sales;
small landholdings
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
High
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Moderate
to high
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
3–5
ha
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
Cattle
herd typically 5–15 cows; sheep 8–20. In communities herd sizes
vary from 20–80 cows, usually kept together
Livestock
species
Cattle,
predominantly cross-breeds, exotics and criollo breeds (Bos
taurus); sheep, criollo and Corriedale crosses
Important
livestock species for poor households
Cattle;
sheep; poultry; often a pair of oxen
Physical
resources and variability
Grazing
is the main feed resource characterised by high seasonal
variability; in some cases hay from barley and oats is used
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Milk,
meat, traction, transport
Degree
of market integration
Moderately
market orientated; crop–livestock systems are mostly found closer
to urban populations.
General
economic and system trends
High
production potential in global terms. However, potential
intensification of the system is limited by market forces and
environmental concerns
Environmental
concerns
Water
quantity and quality; soil erosion; methane emissions; loss of
biodiversity
MIA
Mixed irrigated arid/semi-arid
SA
example: Small-scale
buffalo milk production; sheep and goats in Pakistan and India.
Main
causes of food insecurity
Crop
failure; loss of animals to drought; fragile environment
Main
causes of poverty
Poor
access to credit and markets; reliance on transhumance
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
Weak
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Poor
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
1–3
ha
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
30–50
goats and sheep; a few buffalo
Livestock
species
Cattle;
buffalo; sheep and goats
Important
livestock species for poor households
Buffalo;
sheep and goats
Physical
resources and variability
High
variability; feed and water are significant constraints
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Milk
and animal traction, meat from sheep and goats, savings
Degree
of market integration
In
some areas, high (e.g. milk production is mainly located in the
proximity of urban centres; with sheep and goats, generally poor
General
economic and system trends
Increasing
numbers of goats and sheep
Environmental
concerns
Deforestation;
chopping down trees for feed; loss of soil fertility; competition
for water
MIH
Mixed irrigated humid/subhumid
SEA
and SA examples: Irrigated
rice–buffalo systems of The Philippines, Vietnam, India.
Main
causes of food insecurity
Most
households food secure; crop and livestock diseases; poor markets
and marketing systems
Main
causes of poverty
Lack
of cash; poor access to credit; low productivity; small
land-holdings; fragmentation
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
Medium
to high (e.g. non-ruminants and market-oriented smallholder dairy)
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Low–medium;
some non-farm and off-farm income; additional income from high-value
crops
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
0.3–0.8
ha
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
1–3
cattle; 5–15 goats; 3–6 pigs; 15–30 chickens
Livestock
species
Buffalo;
cattle; pigs; poultry; goats
Important
livestock species for poor households
Buffalo;
cattle; pigs; poultry; goats
Physical
resources and variability
Moderately
good infrastructure, post-harvest, marketing and processing
facilities; relatively low variability
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Meat
(pork and poultry), milk, eggs; traction; manure; transportation
Degree
of market integration
Moderate
to high
General
economic and system trends
Increasing
mechanisation has resulted in declining animal numbers, e.g.
buffalo; declining availability of farm labour because of
competition from off-farm/non-farm employment; increasing
specialisation and intensification
Environmental
concerns
Public
health issues; low efficiency of water utilisation; soil erosion;
nutrient cycling; manure disposal problems and human health hazards,
particularly in poor peri-urban areas, e.g. dairy production, pigs
and poultry production; loss of agricultural land due to conversion
to industrial systems; loss of biodiversity
MIT
– Mixed irrigated temperate/tropical highland
East
Asia examples: Irrigated
rice and dairy farms in North and South Korea, Japan, China.
Main
causes of food insecurity
Most
of the calories obtained from cereals, diet quality needs to be
improved
Main
causes of poverty
Small
farm sizes and insufficient income diversification; deeply
entrenched traditions
Degree
of crop–livestock intensification
Low
to moderate
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Low
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
0.5–1.5
ha
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
5–8
pigs; 8–10 dairy cows
Livestock
species
Cattle;
sheep; pigs; poultry
Important
livestock species for poor households
Cattle;
pigs; poultry; sheep
Physical
resources and variability
Highly
variable; feed resources limiting in many places; crop residues and
purchased feed important
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Milk,
meat, wool
Degree
of market integration
Moderate
to high
General
economic and system trends
The
viability of this system is expected to diminish as a result of
outcome of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
negotiations; the system is expected to shift to more extensive
production, using less water and chemical inputs; possibility of
more displaced farms and farmers and increased poverty
Environmental
concerns
Over-exploitation
of shallow aquifers; net amount of cultivated land in China may
decrease in the future because of urbanisation and expansion of
agriculture onto more fragile lands; in the more peri-urban areas
and intensive systems, serious human health hazards, e.g. zoonoses;
competition for water; disposal of manure
LLM
and LLR Landless monogastric and ruminant systems
Asia
examples include: Pig
and poultry production; goats and sheep in arid/semi-arid areas of
SA.
Main
causes of food insecurity
Most
households food-secure; livestock and poultry diseases; nomadism/transhumance,
search for feeds, constraints to animal production, e.g. feeds,
water, animal health
Main
causes of poverty
Lack
of cash; isolation and illiteracy (in arid/semi-arid environments)
Degree
of crop-livestock intensification
Low
(high for livestock and poultry only)
Degree
of diversification of income sources
Poor;
some non-farm/off-farm income
Average
size of landholdings for a typical poor household
No
land
Average
herd size by species for a typical poor household
One
sow and/or 1–2 fatteners (pigs); 3–5 chickens; 30–50 sheep and
goats
Physical
resources and variability
Considerable
variability and minimal resources; good access to markets and other
infrastructure in some areas; main feed resource: high-energy
concentrates (mainly cereals, oilseeds and their by-products);
system is knowledge- and capital-intensive with high production
efficiency in terms of output per unit of feed; feed and water
availability are major constraints
Livestock
species
Almost
exclusively exotic breeds of pigs and poultry; indigenous goats and
sheep
Important
livestock species for poor households
Pigs;
poultry; goats; sheep; sometimes camels in arid areas
Agricultural
products and services provided by livestock
Meat
(pork and poultry), eggs, mutton, goat meat; manure/urine
Degree
of market integration
High:
products of this system are geared exclusively towards urban markets
Low:
for goats and sheep
General
economic and system trends
There
is increasing demand for products of this system from urban/peri-urban
consumers, hence there is pressure/potential for further expansion;
goat and sheep numbers are increasing, but marketing channels are
still not well developed; increasing awareness on animal welfare;
public health issues, and animal disease epidemics threatening trade
Environmental
concerns
Generation
of waste (manure concentration); air and water pollution;
degradation of forest margins and chopping down of trees.
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