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Map
12. East Africa regional poverty
map
The East
Africa regional poverty map (Map 12) is based on the most recent
national household expenditure/welfare monitoring surveys available
for each country. It is very important to remember that across the
three countries, the survey year varies, the administrative level at
which the surveys are statistically valid varies, and the poverty
lines are not identical (explained in more detail below).
Nonetheless, as far as we are aware, this is the first attempt that
has been made to produce such a regional poverty map, and it is
useful for various purposes so long as the stated caveats are taken
into consideration.
The poverty measure chosen for this regional map
was the percentage of households falling below the absolute poverty
line. The absolute poverty line determined for each country differs
(and within countries, it can differ between urban and rural
households) as it is based on local costs of a basket containing
minimum food (calories per adult equivalent [AE]) and non-food
requirements. Households with monthly expenditures below the
absolute poverty line are judged to be unable to afford the basket
and are therefore relatively poor compared to those households that
are able to meet these basic needs (i.e. with monthly expenditures
above the poverty line).
For Kenya, the information on the regional
map and the maps in Section 3.4 comes from the Welfare Monitoring
Survey WMS III of 1997 (Kenya Government, 2000), that covered 44
districts in Kenya. The 1997 survey did not cover the remaining
seven northern and north-eastern districts of Kenya, so information
from the 1994 WMS II survey was mapped for these districts (Kenya
now has 69 administrative districts). The 1997 absolute poverty line
for rural households was established as KSh 1,239 AE-1 month-1 (US$
211 ), and KSh 2,648 AE-1 month-1 for urban households (US$ 45). In
1994, the absolute poverty line was KSh 978 AE-1 month-1 (rural; US$
18), and KSh 1,489 AE-1 month-1 (urban; US$ 27).
The Uganda data
come from the 1997/98 Integrated Household Monitoring Survey (IHS)
Monitoring Survey (MS-4) (Uganda Government, 1999). This household
expenditure survey was designed to provide statistically valid
estimates at the regional level (there are
four regions
in Uganda). The absolute poverty line for rural areas was
established at USh 8,280 (about US$ 8.28) AE-1 month-1.
For
Tanzania, the percentage of households falling below an absolute
poverty line is derived from the Human Resource Development Survey (HRDS) of 1993
(Likwelile, 2000), representative for 19 regions. The
Tanzanian absolute urban poverty lines were set at TSh 9,834 (US$
25) AE-1 month-1 and rural poverty lines at TSh 8,949 (US$
22.5) AE-1 month-1.
Across the region, there is relatively less poverty in
areas close to the capital cities. The northern, most arid regions
are the poorest in Uganda and Kenya (and correspond to areas with
extreme insecurity and pastoralism). The westernmost regions of
Tanzania are as poor as northern Kenya and Uganda, and correspond to
generally low levels of TLUs per person (see Map
8). Tanzania’s
northern regions and those close to Dar es Salaam are the least
poor (for instance, Arusha matches neighboring Kajiado in Kenya),
where pockets of areas with high TLUs person-1 can be
found.
| 1. |
US$ exchange rates used
were: Kenya (KShs), 1997= 58.8; Uganda (UShs), 1997= 1000; Tanzania
(TShs), 1993= 398 (data from the FAO Trade Yearbook, Vol. 52,
1998). |
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| Map 12. East Africa regional poverty1
map |
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| 1. |
Poverty measure = percentage of households falling below the
absolute poverty line, based on local costs of a basket containing
minimum food (calories per adult equivalent [AE]) and non-food
requirements
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Kenya
data source: Welfare Monitoring
Survey, 1997 WMS III (44 districts); plus 1994 WMS II survey (7
northern districts not covered in 1997 survey). 1997 absolute
poverty line: rural households–US$ 21 per adult equivalent (AE)
month-1;
urban–US$ 45 AE-1month-1
1994 absolute poverty line: rural: US$ 18 AE-1
month-1;
urban: US$ 27 AE-1
month-1
Uganda
data source: 1997/98 Integrated
Household Survey (IHS) Monitoring Survey (MS), representative for
4 regions. 1997 absolute poverty line: US$ 8.28
Tanzania
data source: 1993 Household Budget Survey (HRBS),
representative for 19 regions, 1993 absolute poverty lines:
urban–US$ 25; rural–US$ 22.50
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